Brake Assignment free essay sample

Historical development of vehicle brakes: The development of braking systems was synonymous with the invention of the wheel. It is assumed that some primitive methods of slowing and stoping the first vehicles and carts was to deploy a log attached by rope off the vehicle and allow it to drag along behind. Another assumed method may have been to deploy an anchor of wedge that could be stuck into the ground. As the development of brakes was becoming more of an important issue, the dragged systems adapted into onboard more efficient devices such as a wedge to jam against one wheel causing a skid.Although this method was easier and more efficient, it was also quite dangerous as the vehicle would often turn and in some cases cause it to overturn. The first effective braking system was introduced in 1838, the spoon brake. This system consisted of a wooden block that pressed against the iron wheel of the vehicle when a lever of foot pedal was mechanically applied by the operator. We will write a custom essay sample on Brake Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On heavier vehicles another adaptation of this brake was used where the friction block of the spoon brake was applied to one of the pullies in the transmission. The next developed braking system invented was the external contracting band brake. This system was largely more effective than the spoon brake. The band brake consisted of a drum attached to the axle of the rear wheels or the drive shaft under the vehicle, that was accompanied by a band with a friction lining that wrapped around the drum and was applied by a hand lever that acted on a number of solid rods that pulled and in turn contracted the band around the drum. This system became popular and widely used by manufactures by 1904.In 1898 the early disc brake was developed, these brakes made a large amount of noise and were highly inefficient, and as a result soon forgotten. In there replacement was the invention of the drum brake or the internally expanding shoe brake. This development was considered to be the most effective method of braking at the time. In 1907 disc brakes were brought back out on the market with the discovery of asbestos lined brake pads. This eliminated the nose factor of the previous make and also increased the margin enormously for service intervals.The mechanically operated drum and disc brakes were the two most competitive braking systems of this time, until in 1918 the development of the hydraulically operated braking systems was introduced. This system not only allowed a more even and smooth brake distribution to be applied but also increased the strength and the flexibility of the fluid and tubes allowed the brake lines to be weaved around components or the undercarriage and reach all four wheels without disturbance or overcrowding. The Modern Hydraulic Drum Brake: This brake system was developed after the external strap brake.It is a modification based on the strap brake, which has many areas that have been improved. The drum brake is a servo-assistant system which aids the performance and braking force d ramatically. Like the disc brake the modern drum brake is operated by a series of compression cylinders and a number of flexible and corrosive resistant tubing. From the master cylinder the brake fluid (high temperature liquid) is equally distributed into four metal tubes which direct the fluid into the four slave cylinders located nearby the braking system at each of the wheels.As the operator compresses the brake pedal the brake fluid is forced into the slave cylinder from the master cylinder and squeezes the piston inside the drum to push the brake shoes apart to contact the inside of the drum and activate the friction linings. The shoes when in contact with the drum wedge and further compress against the pan as a natural self actuating function of these brakes. Because of this, when the brake pedal is released and the slave cylinders pistons retract, the shoes remain in contact, this is why a series of springs are attached to the shoes to restore the original resting position of the shoes, e liminating drag.NB: the natural self actuating system works well in forward and reverse motions when the drum contains two brake shoes, however in cars with rear disc brakes, the parking brake (a drum brake fitted to the outside of the disc) only contains one brake shoe and therefore in reverse motion when the parking brake is engaged the shoe will attempt to repel the contact with the drum and require more force to stop the vehicle.All vehicles weather they are four wheel disc, four wheel drum (older cars) or a split system contain a set of drum brakes at the rear that can be mechanically activated by the use of the parking or (e- brake), this is a safety requirement for the possibility of a malfunction in the hydraulic system so that the vehicle still may be brought to a stop. Although this brake is fitted to every car as a precaution, the cars with four wheel disc brakes use only the discs in regular braking procedure and the manually activated drum parking brake only gets activated when the car is at rest, and the e-brake is tensioned.This becomes a problem in some cases if it is not activated or adjusted for long periods of time. In manual transmission cars this is less of an issue because the parking brake is often used while the car is parked. In automatic transmission cars, often people do not use the parking brake because of the â€Å"park† mode on the gear lever which holds the vehicle when it is motionless. This means in the chance of the hydraulic brake systems failure the park brake may be too loose for the shoe to reach the drum, not retarding the vehicle in any way.To manually adjust the parking brake in these cars is quite simple and can be done at home. Simply jack the rear of the vehicle and remove the rear wheels one at a time. Locate the dust plug on the outside of the drum and remove it with a screwdriver. Rotate the drum until the hole where the dust plug was, is in the six o’clock position as this is where the adjusting mechanism is. Use a flat head screwdriver to lift the fixture flap off the notch of the star pin and rotate the star pin 2-5 notches only! Dependant on how loose the park brake is.Release the fixture flap so it engages with one of the teeth of the star pin and plug the dust plug back in before re-attaching the wheel. In cars with rear hydraulic drum brakes the parking brake is not usually an issue because most of these cars have a mechanism to automatically adjust the shoe distance when the car is in reverse. But the brakes can still be manually adjusted the same way as directed above. In the cars with the rear hydraulic drum, the cars foot brake and e-brake can be run off the same unit whilst still only having the parking brake as manually operated for safety. The Modern Hydraulic Disc Brake: The hydraulic disc brake is the latest development used in modern motor cars, as a braking system. The disc brake hydraulics is almost identical to that of the hydraulic system used for the drum brakes. This has become quite useful in the cost effective production of some utilities, smaller hatchbacks and sedans. Because these cars have less weight on the rear tyres and standard braking distribution 60/40 front to rear respectively, the rear braking system doesn’t require a large force to lock up these wheels at any speed.Maximum braking efficiency occurs the moment before the tyres lock up, as this is when traction is lost, having a split braking system (discs on the front, drums on the rear) has proven to be a cost efficient yet still effective braking system for these vehicles. On the other hand heavier vehicles and/or vehicles designed for performance usually require and have a four wheel disc system. In a disc braking system the braking fl uid from the brake fluid reservoir is compressed or â€Å"pumped up† into the master cylinder. Each time the operator compresses the brake pedal, brake fluid is compressed only with the manual application force of the driver and equally divided into two solid tubes, dividing the front and rear fluid as it enters the engine vacuum compression amplifier that is run off a pump connected to the auxiliary belt. This system amplifies the drivers manual compression by a factor needed to retard the vehicle, to a desired level. Once the fluid is compressed in the vacuum pump it is directed through non reactive and corrosive resistant material to each of the four discs.At each wheel there is a secondary cylinder called the slave cylinder which controls the pressure of the brake fluid and activates the calliper piston or pistons. When the piston is pushed by the compressive of the brake fluid the leading brake pad (inside pad furthest from wheel) comes into contact with the disc and as more pressure is applied and the calliper piston is pressured out further, the calliper housing the two brake pads is pulled across as it is attached to the piston, which in turn engages the follower brake pad.The inside brake pad in contact with the piston will always wear more than the follower because it is under more pressure and undergoes greater friction. This is why the inside or leading pad has he wear guide. (vibrates on the disc to create an irritating screech when the pad is wearing down). As both of these pads engage and squeeze the disc (which happens in hundreds of second after engaging the foot pedal) the car is slowed and/or brought to a stop.Dependant on the kerb weight, towing capacities and performance requirements of the vehicle, larger disc sizes and callipers with more pistons can be fitted to provide a greater surface area of the disc to undergo friction for improved stopping capability. When the surface area of the disc undergoing friction is increased and the stopping ability is improved more heat is generated as a bi-product (as energy cannot be created, nor destroyed but only changed).Too much heat can melt or react with the braking system to lessen the efficiency or even result in brake failure. To prevent this from happening ventilated and/or slotted rotors can be fitted to aid cooling. Most modern cars with four wheel disc brakes often have the front discs at least ventilated as the 60/40% brake distribution creates a substantial amount of heat on the front discs whereas the rear discs remain solid, as they do not attract as much heat. In the case of a more performance designed vehicle, the front brakes may be slotted and ventilated and the rears just ventilated, or both front and rear slotted and ventilated. Solid discs simply look like a thick solid â€Å"CD†. Ventilated discs are even thicker to accommodate bored holes through the centre from end to end to allow air flow and still adequate strength to withstand the compressive force of the pads.

How to Write a Perfect Research Paper

How to Write a Perfect Research Paper How to Write a Perfect Essay What is a research paper What to consider before writing a research paper How to start a perfect research paper: Tips on how to start How to write a perfect outline How to write a perfect thesis How to write an introduction How to write a body: Tips on body writing How to finish a research paper: Tips on conclusion writing Tips on revision Perfect essay example: National Honor Society What is a research paper Research papers are academic essays that have a theoretical basis and informed data that has in-depth research. Such documents might take an angle of argumentative thesis or discussions. Therefore, students should be keen to understand the kind of research papers that they need to focus their energy. A time comes in a students academic life when to deliver a perfect research paper. Students find it difficult to comply with the requirements to produce such documents. Therefore, students have unnecessary anxiety hence they continuously procrastinate research work that ultimately leads to delivery of imperfect research papers. Delivery of a perfect research paper requires experience and continuous practice. Therefore, only writers who diligently dedicate, practice and have the willingness to learn as well as become patient achieve greater experience hence deliver perfect research papers. What to consider before writing a research paper Writing a research paper requires preparation to get a solid footing. Therefore, students should practice planning their time properly. Students should allocate time for brainstorming as well as a time frame for an actual research, time for writing a paper as well as day gaps for the first and the second drafts. Secondly, writers should read and understand the research questions to grasp every detail that the instructor requires in the essay. Students should explore all the meanings of the question as well as breaking the problem down into key words such as ‘illustrate, ‘analyse, ‘discuss and ‘contrast. Separately, students should plan and execute the research process in a systematic manner and target information that is relevant to the research question. Also, a student should sort out the relevant sources of information especially books, articles, and magazines among others as well as the best online resources. Lastly, authors should organize all the materials that the research paper requires before evaluating the essay topic. Besides, students should be in a position to select the best approach for the research question, the main theme, and ideas that are emerging, the arguments that the writer is pursuing as well as the best evidence for the research paper. How to start a research paper: Tips on how to start Choose an interesting topic: students should choose topics with adequate information hence it is necessary to conduct a preliminary research to ascertain the idea. Consequently, a student should scan the feedback and evaluate the bulk and content of the information that has been published and narrow down the topic to be specific. Conduct preliminary reading and keep the records: authors of perfect research papers collect all the index cards and take notes on the information they gather. The information in their collections should include titles of the sources, information on the publisher as well as quotes and the page numbers among others. Mapping up the mind: writers usually do a mind map and outline that entail relevant information and points as well as personal ideas, questions that need answers. Outlining the ideas ensures proper grouping of the points logically. Developing a thesis: students should write focused arguments that are well defined by three to five points. The thesis should contain at most two sentences to give the direction of the research paper. Drafting an outline: a student should prepare an outline of the paper noting important points to include in the body and the entire article. How to write a perfect outline After completing all the pre-writing activities, students should make a research paper outline. The outline provides the baseline of the research paper where the student builds the whole paper. The outline should contain a detailed introduction, the body, and conclusion as indicated below. Introduction: should have a hook, an elaboration of the audience and thesis statement. Body: The body should have at least three arguments in individual paragraphs. The points should support the thesis statement with clear evidence that supports the points. Conclusion: students should include a summary of the argument. Besides, they should reiterate the thesis statement and a call for action. How to write a perfect thesis A perfect research paper has a specific and arguable thesis statement at the end of the first paragraph. Therefore, students should be clear and straightforward as well as refrain from general statements. Thus, the students should ensure that the thesis statements answer the So what? questions and able to explain the point to the reader giving the audience a reason to read the paper. Also, a thesis statement should reveal the position of the writer regarding the issue at hand. How to write an introduction Students should write an intriguing introduction which is well informative hence they should include hooks, elaborate the target audience and a thesis statement. Students who conduct detailed research should have introductions. Besides, the introduction should detail indicate the statement of the problem, the definition of terms, a theoretical frame work, methodology, and hypothesis. Also, it should include the significance of the research and scope among others. How to write a body: Tips on body writing When writing the body of the research paper, students should use the outline and note cards. Write the first paragraph on the subtopic as indicated in the outline and introduce the subtopic in the first sentence. After that, use different pieces of evidence to elaborate on the subtopic supporting the thesis statement. Students should use the note cards to get the different materials such as statics, quotes, and pictures. Consequently, the student should cite all the information from the research. The same procedures follow for the remaining paragraphs as well as subtopics until the writer captures all the information about the thesis statement. Authors who engage in detailed research give background information about the research as the first subtopic of the body. Subsequently, the student provides presentation and analysis of data regarding the topic. How to finish a research paper: Tips on conclusion writing When concluding research papers, students should consider the perspectives of the readers as well as how such papers will be of benefit. Therefore, it is necessary for students to connect the research paper to the great context regarding the issue as presented in other publications. Students should provide implications of the findings as well as the relevance of the topic. Students should give suggestions or ask questions or ideas for future research. Students should revisit the main point and research question with unseen insight. Students should give a summary of a research paper as well as giving the consequences of the idea from the research paper. Tips on revision When revising the research paper, students should set the draft for a day before review to objectively view the paper and notice all the problems. Secondly, the writer should refine all the arguments. Writers need to organize paragraphs as well as a rewording of the sentences as well as elaborating evidence clearly about the subtopics. Read the research paper aloud to identify the simple mistakes especially writing errors and unclear statements and spellings. Sometimes it is relevant to give someone else the research paper to read to notice grammar, spelling and ambiguous sentences among other problems. Research paper sample: Teaching Strategies Education requires a comprehensive and developmental approach to ensure that children acquire the necessary skills in schools to face numerous challenges in their daily endeavors in life. Combining all the developmental approaches in teaching enable children to grasp the ideas as well as accommodate all the unique styles that children use in their learning processes. Some tutors appreciate dictation as a strategy in teaching students. Therefore, the teachers make the students develop the passive audience and feed them with information hoping that all of them will grasp the entire concept to the later. The technique requires that the student take the responsibility to comprehend all the skills and techniques on their own. Thus, it is referred to as the deposition method where the students become the depositories of information and teachers are the depositors. The concept allows one-way communication process from a teacher to the students hence students partially grasp the concept mainly through memorization and repeat. In the long run, the students do not develop critical thinking concepts and do not debate upon the information. On a separate, not tutors who encourage participative concepts to appreciate interactive learning among the students. Under this method, students grasp a lot of information from the course material since they focus, engage their minds as well as the debate over different ideas. Besides, the method helps students to ask questions and form group discussions hence they can absorb ideas creatively and understand the value of the subjects. Consequently, they will be able to devote much of their time and energy learning new concepts and ideas. On a separate note, interactive learning encourages collaboration where student formulates new ideas and opinions as well as creating their environments to work with their peers interactively. Thirdly, some teachers appreciate the use of props, visual aids, and movies in teaching. The methods make the student stay alert and engage. The main advantage of the method is that it brings great captivation of attention and make the students develop more interest in the material. Therefore, the method stimulates the mental functionality which is sufficient for active learning. Also, the technique makes student grasp concepts separately as they have different methods of learning such as listening and watching. In conclusion, various teaching strategies bring different ways on how students hear and comprehend information that is useful in their daily lives. Some of the best methods include the use of videos, active learning as well as lecturing. However, a combination of all the methods is effective since it allows accommodation of different styles that students use for learning.

Positive and negative effects of social networking Essay

Positive and negative effects of social networking - Essay Example Social networking sites are among the social media services that have tremendously received significant attention  in the society. There is no doubt that social networking has improved the day-to-day life of many people in the society such as making communication easier and  cheaper. However, the impact behind this cannot be underrated, as the society is moving into the technology age, the negative impacts of networking are increasing; thus outcompeting the benefits. Although, social networking makes communication easier and cheaper, it has led to increased social disorders, impacted personal privacy, cybercrimes related and destroyed relationships. Social networking sites have contributed to more harm than good in the contemporary society in varied ways. First, it has led to deterioration of health due to increased social disorders such as Facebook Addiction Disorder and other related diseases such as obesity, hypertension, obesity, depression, anxiety among others. Biswajit and Jyoti (2011, p.225) argue that in case the world is facing any new addiction disorder, then Facebook addiction should be the first one. This is a kind of disease that evolved recently due to addiction of social networking; thus, it has made some people mad while others had become drug addicts. This is because many Internet users especially teenagers use drugs and alcohols in order to hypertext or keep in touch with friends. This has made many of them forget the physical world surrounding them. The increased research on the impact of social networking indicates that the social media has currently exposed many users to varied consequences. For instance, many youths who are among the majority of social networking sites such as Face book, Twitter, You Tube, MySpace among others undergo varied problems such as depression, stress and loneliness that may lead to committing suicide (Feinstein, Bhatia, Hershenberg and Davila, 2012). For instance, the shocking news reported by the Florida Ti mes-Union revealed the scandalous act of an 18 years boy who was stabbed by his friend just because of an argument on Facebook. Secondly, the social networking has destroyed relationships and made life miserable to users. Social networking was thought to help users improve and build health or quality relationships, but instead it has damaged it. For instance, some spouses update their status on Facebook as single and yet they are married. Some comments posted on Facebook have led to breaking up relationships. The research survey by AAML (American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers) revealed that Facebook is the main cause behind increased divorce case in America (Biswajit and Jyoti 2011, 226). Feinstein et al (2011) indicates that the social networking sites are avenue for problematic interpersonal behaviors. This is because the effect of depressive and anxiety symptoms are among the aspects that impact the health lifestyles. This may result due to relationship problems that impact the quality of life. Given that the social networking sites is perceived as the safer and effective means of communicating than the face-to-face method, the socially anxious individuals encounter varied problems across relationship types (Feinstein et al 2011, p 375). Lastly, it has also led to increased cybercrimes, affected work productivity and impacted personal privacy. Social networking offer cybercriminals a considerable advantage of conning, raping, murdering and involving in other related crimes to the targeted victims. The study reports